Manuscript Abstracts (April, 1993 to June, 2007)
In Press/Accepted | |
| Biglan, A., Hallfors, D., Spoth, R., Gottfredson, D., & Cody, C. (In press). Effective strategies for nurturing successful development in school settings. Chapter in forthcoming volume to be published by the US Department of Education. (PF 89) | |
| Research over the last 30 years has clearly delineated the conditions in schools that minimize aggressive and disruptive behavior and promote peaceful, cooperative, and socially successful behavior. In this paper, we describe five strategies proven to assure these outcomes, and give examples of tested programs that use these strategies. | |
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| Madon, S., Guyll, M., Buller, A. A., Scherr, K. C., Willard, J., & Spoth, R. (In press). The mediation of mothers’ self-fulfilling effects on their children’s alcohol use: Self-verification, informational conformity, and modeling processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. (PF 143) | |
| This research examined whether self-fulfilling prophecy effects are mediated by self-verification, informational conformity, and modeling processes. The authors examined these mediational processes across multiple time frames with longitudinal data obtained from two samples of mother – child dyads (N1 = 487; N2 = 288). Children’s alcohol use was the outcome variable. The results provided consistent support for the mediational process of self-verification. In both samples and across several years of adolescence, there was a significant indirect effect of mothers’ beliefs on children’s alcohol use through children’s self-assessed likelihood of drinking alcohol in the future. Comparatively less support was found for informational conformity and modeling processes as mediators of mothers’ self-fulfilling effects. The potential for self-fulfilling prophecies to produce long lasting changes in targets’ behavior via self-verification processes are discussed. | |
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| Mason, W. A., Hitchings, J. E., & Spoth, R. L. (Accepted). The interaction of conduct problems and depressed mood in relation to adolescent substance involvement and peer substance use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. (PF 128) | |
| Conduct problems are strong positive predictors of substance use and problem substance use among teens, whereas predictive effects of depressed mood on these outcomes are mixed. Conduct problems and depressed mood often co-occur, therefore this study examined possible interactive effects of conduct problems and depressed mood at age 11 on substance use and problem use at age 18. Analyses of multi-rater longitudinal data collected from 429 rural youths (222 girls) and their families were conducted using a methodology for testing latent variable interactions. Results showed that the effects of conduct problems on substance use varied across levels of depressed mood. Significant positive effects of conduct problems on substance use were observed only at low levels of depressed mood. | |
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| Mason, W. A., Hitchings, J. E., & Spoth, R. (Accepted). Longitudinal relations among negative affect, substance use and peer deviance during the transition from middle to late adolescence. Substance Use and Misuse. (PF 124) | |
| The transition from middle to late adolescence brings developmental challenges that increase risk for emotional, behavioral, and social problems. Currently, the nature of the associations among these types of problems is poorly understood. This National Institute on Drug Abuse-funded study examined longitudinal relations among negative affect, substance use, and peer deviance from ages 16 to 18 years. Multiwave youth- and parent-report questionnaire data collected from 429 6th-graders (222 girls) and their families residing in the rural Midwestern United States and recruited in 1993 were analyzed via structural equation modeling. Consistent with the self-medication hypothesis, negative affect statistically predicted increased substance use over time. Implications for theory development and prevention are discussed and the study’s limitations are noted. | |
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| Spoth, R. (Accepted). Translation of family-focused prevention science into public health impact: Toward a translational impact paradigm (TIP). Current Directions in Psychological Science. (PF 136) | |
| The subfield of family-focused preventive intervention science could serve as an exemplar for the translation of science into practice on a scale that achieves public health impact. This paper outlines steps in that direction, following definition of translational science and a rationale for a clear orientation in that direction. Current advances in this subfield are mapped onto a comprehensive set of factors, categorized under the “4 E” intervention impact factors—Efficacy plus effectiveness, Extent of availability, Engagement of eligible populations or organizations, and Efficiency. The paper then highlights two key tasks in progressing with translational science: improving the translational vehicle of practitioner-scientist partnership networks embedded in systems for delivery of evidence-based interventions; and application of research guidelines and standards that move toward a translational impact paradigm (TIP). | |
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| Spoth, R., Greenberg, M., & Turrisi, R. (In press). Preventive interventions addressing underage drinking: State of the evidence and steps toward public health impact. Pediatrics. (PF 131) | |
| The epidemiology of underage drinking and evidence of its social, health and economic consequences suggest compelling reasons for the development and dissemination of effective preventive interventions. To clarify the nature and extent of the current evidence-base for preventive interventions addressing underage drinking, a review of the literature was conducted. It included extensive searches of the research literature on outcome evaluations, existing reviews of this body of outcome research (N = 25), and summary reports of evidence on specific interventions. Over 400 interventions were identified and screened, and the evidence for 127 was reviewed. Criteria for the evaluation of evidence were established for intervention studies with an alcohol-specific outcome measures falling into three developmental periods (under age 10, 10-15, 16-20+), in order to classify interventions with the “most promising evidence,” “mixed or emerging evidence,” and “insufficient or no evidence of effects.” Ultimately, 12 interventions met criteria for “most promising” evidence and 28 met criteria for “mixed or emerging” evidence. Conducting this review revealed clear advances in the number of evidence-based interventions (EBIs) available and the quality of outcome research; it is equally clear, however, that much work remains to be done to achieve greater public health impact through EBIs. This work should consider: (1) a great need for intervention research related to understudied developmental phases, intervention domains (e.g., family, school, community, media), and populations (e.g., early tweens, late teens and young adults not attending college, non-majority populations); (2) the critical importance of addressing key issues in research design and methodology (e.g., limited longitudinal study, replication study, dissemination research); and (3) the need for improved consistency in applied standards of evidence and reporting standards. Finally, we recommend the application of emerging consumer-oriented and community-participatory models for intervention development and research—designed to increase the likelihood of “real world” public health impact through improved translation of intervention science into practice. | |
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| Spoth, R., Trudeau, L., Redmond, C., & Shin, C. (In press). Finding a path to more reasonable conclusions about prevention—Response to Midford. Addiction. (PF 148) | |
| ABSTRACT NOT AVAILABLE | |
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| Spoth, R., Trudeau, T., Shin, C., & Redmond, C. (In press). Brief report on long-term effects of universal preventive interventions on prescription drug misuse among 17-21 year olds. Addiction. (PF 137) | |
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Background: This is a supplemental report on tests of long-term effects of universal preventive interventions conducted during middle school on 17- to 22-year-olds’ prescription drug misuse. Design/Setting/Participants: Two randomized controlled prevention trials were conducted in public schools in the rural Midwest US. Study 1 began in 1993 with 667 6th graders; follow-ups with 12th graders and 21-year-olds included 457 and 483 participants, respectively. Study 2 began in 1998 with 7th graders (total sample across waves 2,127); follow-ups with 11th and 12th graders included 1,443 and 1,212 participants, respectively. Interventions: In Study 1, schools were assigned to the family-focused Iowa Strengthening Families Program (ISFP), Preparing for the Drug Free Years, or a control condition. In Study 2, schools were assigned to the school-based Life Skills Training plus a revised ISFP, called SFP 10-14 (LST+SFP 10-14), LST-only, or a control condition. Measurements: Self reports of lifetime and past-year prescription drug misuse. Findings: In Study 1, ISFP 12th graders’ past year narcotic misuse was significantly less than controls, as were ISFP 21-year-olds’ lifetime narcotic and barbiturate misuse rates. In Study 2, LST+SFP 10-14 showed significant effects on lifetime prescription drug misuse at the 11th grade follow-up, while effects at the 12th grade follow-up were marginally significant. Conclusions: Consistent with intervention effects on other substance use outcomes reported earlier, results suggest universal interventions have potential for pubic health impact by reducing some types of prescription drug misuse among adolescents and young adults. |
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| Mason, W. A., Kosterman, R., Haggerty, K. P., Hawkins, J. D., Redmond, C., Spoth, R. L., & Shin, C. (2008). Dimensions of adolescent alcohol involvement as predictors of young adult major depression. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69, 275-285. (PF 147) | |
| ABSTRACT NOT AVAILABLE | |
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| Mincemoyer, C. Perkins, C., Ang, P., Greenberg, M. T., Spoth, R. L., Redmond, C., & Feinberg, M. (2008). Improving the reputation of Cooperative Extension as a source of prevention education for youth and families: The effects of the PROSPER Model. Journal of Extension. (PF 139) | |
| Using a randomized trial design, this study examined how community partnerships led by Cooperative Extension Service (CES) educators affected the reputation of the CES about provision of youth and family prevention programming. The PROSPER (PROmoting School-Community-University Partnerships to Enhance Resilience) multi-level partnership model led by CES educators is intended to build community capacity to deliver evidence-based family and youth interventions (Spoth, Greenberg, Bierman, & Redmond, 2004). The model involves local community teams that are provided with continuous, proactive technical assistance through state land-grant universities. In the current project, PROSPER’s main goals are to reduce rates of early substance use and problem behavior, as well as to promote positive youth development and family competences (Spoth et al., 2004). | |
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| Spoth, R., Greenberg, M., & Turrisi, R. (2008). Preventive interventions addressing underage drinking: State of the evidence and steps toward public health impact. Pediatrics, 121(Supplement 4), 311-336. (PF 131) | |
| ABSTRACT NOT AVAILABLE | |
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| Spoth, R., Randall, G. K., & Shin, C. (2008). Experimental support for a model of partnership-based family intervention effects on long-term academic success. School Psychology Quarterly, 23(1), 70-89. (PF 115) | |
| An expanding body of research suggests an important role for parent or family competency training in children’s social-emotional learning and related school success. This article summarizes a test of a longitudinal model examining partnership-based family competency training effects on academic success in a general population. Specifically, it examines indirect effects of the Iowa Strengthening Families Program (ISFP) on school engagement in eighth grade and academic success in the twelfth grade, through direct ISFP effects on intervention-targeted outcomes—parenting competencies and student substance-related risk—in sixth grade. Twenty-two rural schools were randomly assigned to either ISFP or a minimal-contact control group; data were collected from 445 families. Following examination of the equivalence of the measurement model across group and time, a structural equation modeling approach was used to test the hypothesized model and corresponding hypothesized structural paths. Significant effects of the ISFP were found on proximal intervention outcomes, intermediate school engagement, and the academic success of high school seniors. | |
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| Spoth, R., Randall, G. K., Trudeau, L., Shin, C., & Redmond, C. (2008). Substance-related outcomes of universal family-and school-based interventions 5½ years past baseline. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 96, 57-68. (PF 130) | |
| This article reports adolescent substance use outcomes of universal family and school preventive interventions 5.5 years past baseline. Participants were 1,677 seventh grade students from schools (N = 36) randomly assigned to the Strengthening Families Program: For Parents and Youth 10-14, plus the school-based Life Skills Training (SFP 10-14 + LST), LST alone, or a control condition. Self-reports were collected at baseline, six months later, following the interventions, then yearly through the twelfth grade. Measures included initiation—alcohol, cigarette, marijuana, and drunkenness, along with a substance initiation index (SII)—and measures of more serious use—frequency of alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use, drunkenness frequency, monthly poly-substance use, and advanced poly-substance use. Analyses ruled out differential attrition. For all substance initiation outcomes, one or both intervention groups showed significant, positive point-in-time differences at twelfth grade and/or significant growth trajectory outcomes when compared with the control group. Although no main effects for the more serious substance use outcomes were observed, a higher-risk subsample demonstrated significant, positive twelfth grade point-in-time and/or growth trajectory outcomes for one or both intervention groups on all measures. The observed pattern of results likely reflects a combination of predispositions of the higher-risk subsample, the timing of the interventions, and baseline differences between experimental conditions favoring the control group. | |
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| Willard, J., Madon, S., Guyll, M. & Spoth, R. (2008). Self-efficacy as a moderator of positive and negative self-fulfilling prophecy effects: Mothers’ beliefs and children’s alcohol use. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 499-520. (PF 122) | |
| This research examined whether children at risk for alcohol use were more susceptible to positive than negative self-fulfilling prophecy effects and explored mechanisms that could produce this effect. Longitudinal data from 540 mother-child dyads indicated that low self-efficacy children were more susceptible to their mothers’ positive than negative self-fulfilling effects, whereas high self-efficacy children’s susceptibility did not vary. Results also suggested that mothers' parenting practices and children's perception of their friends' alcohol use mediated mothers’ self-fulfilling effects, and that these mediators accounted for low self-efficacy children’s greater susceptibility to positive self-fulfilling prophecies. The power of self-fulfilling prophecy effects and the potential for mothers’ favorable beliefs to act as a protective factor in the prevention of adolescent alcohol use are discussed. | |
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| Chilenski, S. E., Greenberg, M. T., & Feinberg, M. E. (2007). Community readiness as a multidimensional construct. Journal of Community Psychology, 35(3), 351-369. (PF 116) | |
| Both the organizational studies literature and the community psychology literature discuss the importance of readiness when implementing change. Though each area places emphasis on different characteristics, there are several common themes present within the literature. The current study integrates and applies organizational and community psychology literature in evaluating community readiness in the context of a school-community-university collaborative prevention model. Results demonstrate (1) that there is substantial agreement between members of community prevention teams on the level of readiness of a community; (2) that readiness is a cohesive but multi-dimensional construct related to hypothesized community and individual characteristics; (3) and that there is small to moderate agreement between members of prevention teams and their “agency directors.” These results support the notion that clear “theories of change” need to be formulated before deciding how to assess community readiness, as assessments will vary due to several factors: the type of respondent, the level in which analyses are conducted, and the specific community domain (i.e. school, workplace collaboration, collaboration experience) investigated. | |
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| Feinberg, M. E., Chilenski, S. M., Greenberg, M. T., Spoth, R. L., & Redmond, C. (2007). Community and team member factors that influence the operations phase of local prevention teams: The PROSPER Project. Prevention Science, Online First, available at http://www.springerlink.com/content/104965 (PF 135) | |
| This study examined the longitudinal predictors of quality of functioning of community prevention teams during the “operations” phase of team development. The 14 community teams were involved in a randomized-trial of a university-community partnership project, PROSPER (Spoth, Greenberg, Bierman, & Redmond, 2004b), that implements evidence-based interventions intended to support positive youth development and reduce early substance use, as well as other problem behaviors. The study included a multi-informant approach to measurement of constructs, and included data from 137 team members, 59 human service agency directors and school administrators, 16 school principals, and 8 Prevention Coordinators (i.e. technical assistance providers). We examined how community demographics and social capital, team level characteristics, and team member attributes and attitudes are related to local team functioning across an 18-month period. Findings indicate that community demographics (poverty), social capital, team member attitudes towards prevention, and team members’ views of the acceptability of teen alcohol use played a substantial role in predicting various indicators of the quality of team functioning 18 months later. | |
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| Greenberg, M. T., Feinberg, M. E., Meyer-Chilenski, S., Spoth, R. L., & Redmond, C. (2007). Community and team member factors that influence the early phases of local team partnerships in prevention: The PROSPER Project. Journal of Primary Prevention, 28, 485-504. (PF 121) | |
| This research examines the early development of community teams in a specific university-community partnership project called PROSPER (Spoth, Greenberg, Redmond, & Bierman, 2004). PROSPER supports local community teams in rural areas and small towns to implement evidence-based programs intended to support positive youth development and reduce early substance use. The study evaluated 14 community teams and included longitudinal data from 108 team members. Specifically, it examined how community demographics and team member characteristics, perceptions, and attitudes at initial team formation were related to local team functioning 6 months later, when teams were planning for prevention program implementation. Findings indicate that community demographics (poverty), perceived community readiness, characteristics of local team members (previous collaborative experience) and attitudes toward prevention played a substantial role in predicting the quality of community team functioning six months later. | |
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| Mason, W. A., Hitchings, J. E., McMahon, R. J., & Spoth, R. L. (2007). A test of three alternative hypotheses regarding the effects of early delinquency on adolescent psychosocial functioning and substance involvement. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 831-843 . Online First, available at http://www.springerlink.com/content/104756 (PF 132) | |
| This study compared alternative hypotheses (derived from general deviance theories, life course theory, and developmental psychopathology) regarding the effects of early adolescent delinquency on subsequent psychosocial functioning in family, school, and peer contexts, and on alcohol use. Analyses also examined parent-child negative affective quality, prosocial school orientation, and peer substance use as possible direct predictors of problem substance use. Participants in this prospective longitudinal study, extending from age 11 to age 18, were 429 rural teens (222 girls) and their families. The primary path model comparisons supported the tenability of a partial mediation model that included both mediating pathways and a direct effect of delinquency on alcohol use, as hypothesized by a developmental psychopathology perspective. Moreover, peer substance use was a direct positive predictor of problem use. | |
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| Mason, W. A. Hitchings, J. E., & Spoth, R. (2007). Emergence of delinquency and depressed mood throughout adolescence as predictors of late adolescent problem substance use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21(1), 13-24. (PF 146) | |
| Delinquency is a positive predictor of adolescent problem substance use, and depressed mood may increase risk for substance problems. The extent to which effects of delinquency and depressed mood on problem substance use vary depending on when during adolescence the predictors are assessed is unknown. The authors used 5 multigroup path analyses to examine effects of delinquency and depressed mood at ages 11, 12, 13, 14, and 16 years on problem substance use at age 18, and mediation of those effects through alcohol use at age 16 across gender. Participants were 429 rural youths (222 girls and 207 boys) and their families. Indirect positive effects of delinquency on the outcome were observed for boys; direct positive effects of depressed mood were observed for girls. Prevention implications are discussed. | |
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| Mason, W. A., Kosterman, R., Hawkins, J. D., Haggerty, K. P., Spoth, R. L., & Redmond, C. (2007). Influence of a family-focused substance use preventive intervention on growth in adolescent depressive symptoms. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17(3), 541-564. (PF 91) | |
| Preparing for the Drug-Free Years (PDFY) is a preventive intervention that targets parenting behaviors, family interaction patterns, and adolescent substance use, factors that have been shown to predict depression among teenagers. Effects of PDFY on trajectories of self-reported adolescent depressive symptoms from 6th through 12th grade were examined. Latent growth curve modeling was used to analyze data from 429 rural adolescents from schools assigned randomly to an intervention or a control condition. PDFY reduced the rate of increase in depressive symptoms during adolescence. Mediation of the intervention effect on depressive symptoms through reduced polysubstance use was tested (Mason, Kosterman, Hawkins, Haggerty, & Spoth, 2003); the indirect effect was only marginally significant. Findings have implications for understanding the relationship between adolescent depressive symptoms and substance use, and for preventing these outcomes. | |
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| Spoth, R. (2007). Opportunities to meet challenges in rural prevention research: findings from an evolving community-university partnership model. Journal of Rural Health, 23(supplemental), 42-54. (PF 125) | |
| Various rural prevention research challenges have been articulated through a series of sessions convened since the mid 1990s by the National Institutes of Health, particularly the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Salient in this articulation was the need for effective collaboration among rural practitioners and scientists, with special consideration of accommodating the diversity of rural areas and surmounting barriers to implementation of evidence-based interventions. This paper summarizes the range of challenges in rural prevention research and describes an evolving community-university partnership model addressing them. The model entails involvement of public school staff and other rural community stakeholders, linked with scientists by Land Grant University-based Extension system staff. Examples of findings from over 16 years of partnership-based intervention research projects include those on engagement of rural residents, quality implementation of evidence-based interventions, and long-term community-level outcomes, as well as factors in effectiveness of the partnerships. Findings suggest a future focus on building capacity for practitioner-scientist collaboration and developing a network for more widespread implementation of the partnership model in a manner informed by lessons learned from partnership-based research to date. | |
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| Spoth, R., Clair, S., Greenberg, M., Redmond, C., & Shin, C. (2007). Toward dissemination of evidence-based family interventions: Maintenance of community-based partnership recruitment results and associated factors. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(2), 137-145. (PF 113) | |
| A major challenge in the dissemination of evidence-based family interventions (EBFIs) designed to reduce youth substance use and other problem behaviors is effective and sustainable community-based recruitment. This understudied topic is addressed by a preliminary study of 14 community-university partnership teams randomly assigned to an intervention condition in which teams attempted sustained implementation of EBFIs with two cohorts of middle school families. This report describes attendance rates of recruited families maintained over time and across both cohorts, along with exploratory analyses of factors associated with those rates. When compared with community-based recruitment rates in the literature, particularly for multisession interventions, relatively high rates were observed; they averaged 17% across cohorts. Community team functioning (e.g., quality of team promotional materials) and technical assistance (TA) variables (e.g., effective collaboration with TA, frequency of TA requests) were associated with higher recruitment rates, even after controlling for community and school district contextual influences. Results support the community-university partnership model for recruitment that was implemented in the study. | |
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| Spoth, R., Guyll, M., Lillehoj, C. J., Redmond, C., & Greenberg, M. (2007). PROSPER study of evidence-based intervention implementation quality by community-university partnerships. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY, Vol. 35, No. 8, 981–999. (PF 119) | |
| This study examined a community-university partnership model for sustained, high quality implementation of evidence-based interventions. In the context of a randomized study, it assessed whether implementation quality for both family-focused and school-based universal interventions could be achieved and maintained through community-university partnerships. It also conducted exploratory analyses of factors influencing implementation quality. Results revealed uniformly high rates of both implementation adherence—averaging over 90%—and of other indicators of implementation quality for both family-focused and school-based interventions. Moreover, implementation quality was sustained across two cohorts. Exploratory analyses failed to reveal any significant correlates for family intervention implementation quality, but did show that some team and instructor characteristics were associated with school-based implementation quality. | |
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| Spoth, R., Redmond, C., Shin, C., Greenberg, M., Clair, S., & Feinberg, M. (2007). Substance use outcomes at 18 months past baseline from the PROSPER community-university partnership trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32(5), 395-402. (PF 127) | |
| Background. The study’s objective was to examine the effects of “real world,” community-based implementation of universal preventive interventions selected from a menu, including effects specific to higher- and lower-risk subsamples. Setting/Participants. The study included twenty-eight public school districts in Iowa and Pennsylvania that were located in rural towns and small cities, ranging in size from 6,975 to 44,510. Sixth and seventh graders in these school districts participated in the study. Design. School districts were selected on size and location and then randomly assigned to a control condition or to an experimental condition in a cohort sequential design. Intervention. Community teams were mobilized; each team implemented one of three evidence-based, family-focused interventions (5-12 sessions) and one of three evidence-based school interventions (11-15 sessions)—for 6th and 7th graders, respectively. Observations showed interventions were implemented with fidelity. Main Outcome Measures. Outcomes included student reports of past month, past year, or lifetime use of alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, methamphetamines, ecstasy, and inhalants, as well as indices of gateway and illicit substance initiation, at pretest and at a follow-up assessment 1½ years later. Results. Intent-to-treat analyses demonstrated significant positive effects on substance initiation (marijuana, inhalants, methamphetamines, ecstasy, gateway index, illicit use index), as well as past year use of marijuana and inhalants, with positive trends for all substances measured. For three outcomes, intervention effects were stronger for higher-risk students than lower-risk students. Conclusions. Community-based implementation of brief universal interventions designed for general populations has potential for public health impact by reducing substance use among adolescents. | |
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| Trudeau, L., Spoth, R., Randall, G. K., & Azevedo, K. (2007). Longitudinal effects of a universal family-focused intervention on growth patterns of adolescent internalizing symptoms and polysubstance use: Gender comparisons. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(6), 740-745. (PF 100) | |
| This study evaluated effects of the Iowa Strengthening Families Program, a family-focused universal preventive intervention, on growth patterns of adolescent internalizing (anxiety and depressive symptoms) and monthly polysubstance use (alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, inhalants, and other illicit drugs), as well as the association between internalizing and polysubstance growth factors. The sample was sixth through twelfth grade rural Midwestern adolescents (N = 383). Compared to the control group, the intervention group adolescents showed a slower rate of increase in internalizing symptoms and polysubstance use from sixth to twelfth grade. Intervention effects on internalizing symptoms were similar for boys and girls; however, girls demonstrated a higher overall level and a greater rate of increase across time. The intervention slowed the rate of increase in polysubstance use significantly more for girls than for boys, although overall levels of use were lower in the intervention group for both genders. Associations between internalizing and polysubstance use growth factors were found for girls, but not for boys, suggesting gender differences in psychosocial development. | |
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| Abraham, W. T., Russell, D. W., Guyll, M., Trudeau, L., Lillehoj, C., & Spoth, R. (2006). School- and family-level income effects in a randomized controlled prevention trial: A multilevel analysis.In P Dolan, J Canavan, & J Pinkerton (Eds) Family Support as Reflective Practice. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. (PF 120) | |
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| Brody, G. H., Murry, V. M., Gerrard, M., Gibbons, R., McNair, L., Brown, A., Wills, T., Molgaard, V., Spoth, R., Luo, Z., & Chen, Y. (2006). The Strong African American Families Program: Prevention of youths’ high-risk behavior and a test of a model of change. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(1), 1-11. (PF 110) | |
| This study was designed to test the efficacy of the Strong African American Families Program (SAAF), a preventive intervention targeting high-risk behaviors among rural African American 11-year-olds. Prior to SAAF, no empirically based programs were available to prevent such behaviors specifically among rural African American youths. The trial, which included 332 families, indicated that families who participated in SAAF experienced increases over time in regulated, communicative parenting; increases in targeted parenting behaviors, according to youths’ reports; and low rates of high-risk behavior initiation among youths. | |
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| Jung, T. E., & Spoth, R. L. (2006). Rural youth involvement in the implementation of an evidence-based substance use preventive intervention. Rural Mental Health, 31(2), 9-18. (PF 134) | |
| ABSTRACT NOT AVAILABLE | |
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| Madon, S., Willard, J., Guyll, M., Trudeau, L., & Spoth, R. (2006). Self-fulfilling prophecy effects of mothers’ beliefs on children’s alcohol use: Accumulation, dissipation, and stability over time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 911-926. (PF 114) | |
| This research examined whether self-fulfilling prophecy effects accumulated, dissipated, or remained stable over time in terms of two complementary conceptual models. Analyses of longitudinal data from two samples of mother–child dyads (N1 = 487; N2 = 288) yielded three main findings. First, the degree to which mothers’ inaccurate beliefs assessed at a single point in time predicted children’s distal alcohol use did not differ from the degree to which they predicted children’s proximal alcohol use, thereby supporting a pattern of stability for the samples on average. Second, mothers’ inaccurate beliefs repeatedly assessed across time had additive self-fulfilling effects on their children’s subsequent alcohol use assessed at a single later point in time. Third, these additive self-fulfilling effects served to exacerbate differences in the alcohol use of children had been consistently exposed to unfavorable versus favorable beliefs year after year. The authors discuss these findings in terms of the link between self-fulfilling prophecies and social problems. | |
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| Perkins, D., Mincemoyer, C., & Lillehoj, C. (2006). Extension educators’ perception of community readiness, knowledge of youth prevention science, and experience with collaboration. Journal of Family and Consumer Science, 98(4), 20-26. (PF 123) | |
| This study examines Extension educators’ perception of community readiness, knowledge of prevention science, and experience with collaborations compared with the perceptions of other human service professionals in the community. The Extension educators and human service professionals interviewed in this study are participant members of community PROSPER teams. PROSPER (PROmoting School-Community-University Partnerships to Enhance Resilience) is a research initiative that links three existing infrastructure systems to provide prevention programming to youth and families – the land-grant university, the Cooperative Extension System (CES), and the public school system (for a more detailed description see Spoth, Greenberg, Bierman, & Redmond, 2004). PROSPER is based on a collaborative model for the purpose of disseminating evidence-based prevention programs to enhance youth development as well as reduce youth problem behaviors, such as substance use and violence (Spoth, et al., 2004, p. 33). To accomplish this goal, PROSPER teams select, implement, and supervise evidenced-based prevention programs (Spoth, et al., 2004). PROSPER teams also recruit youth and families into prevention programs and secure resources to ensure sustainability of programming efforts. | |
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| Scheve, J. A., Perkins, D. F., & Mincemoyer, C. C. (2006). Fostering youth engagement on community teams. Journal of Youth Development: Bridging Research and Practice, 1,8 pages. Available online at: http://www.nae4ha.org/directory/jyd/jyd_article.aspx?id=d (PF 117) | |
| Within the youth development field a growing movement exists to establish youth member positions on community teams (e.g. organizational boards and planning commit tees). The involvement of youth on decision-making teams is commonly referred to as youth engagement. As a relatively new approach to youth and community development, the existing research shows the potential positive impacts youth engagement efforts may produce and encourages youth practitioners to incorporate such efforts into their programs and organizations. In doing so, successful youth engagement efforts may be sustained within teams that best adapt their organizational structure, policies, and practices to complement the developmental needs of youth. Such adaptations begin with the four team characteristics presented in this paper: adult support, a youth-friendly environment, opportunities to complete meaningful tasks, and opportunities to learn and use new skills. When these practices are woven through the work of the team, youth engagement may flourish. | |
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| Spoth, R., Clair, S., Shin, C., & Redmond, C. (2006). Long-term effects of universal preventive interventions on methamphetamine use among adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 160,(876-882. (PF 118) | |
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Objective. To examine the long-term effects of universal preventive interventions on general population adolescents’ methamphetamine use during their late high school years. Design. Two randomized controlled prevention trials. Setting. Public schools in the Midwest, from 1993 to 2004. Participants. Study 1 began with 667 sixth grade students from 33 rural public schools; the follow-up included 457 students. Study 2 began with 679 seventh grade students from 36 rural public schools; the follow-up assessment included 597 students. Interventions. In Study 1, schools were assigned to the Iowa Strengthening Families Program (ISFP), Preparing for the Drug Free Years, or a control condition. In Study 2, schools were assigned to a revised ISFP (SFP 10-14) plus Life Skills Training (SPF 10-14 + LST), LST alone, or a control condition. Outcome measures. Self reports of lifetime and past-year methamphetamine use. Follow up data were collected at 6½ years past baseline (Study 1) and at 4½ and 5½ years past baseline (Study 2). Results. In Study 1, the ISFP past year rate was 0.0%, compared with 3.2% in the control condition (p = .035). In Study 2, SFP 10-14 + LST showed significant effects on lifetime and past-year use at the 4½ year follow-up (e.g., 0.5% lifetime use in the intervention condition vs. 5.2% in the control condition, p = .006); both SFP 10-14 + LST and LST alone had significant lifetime use effects at the 5½ year follow-up. Conclusions. Brief universal interventions have potential for pubic health impact by reducing methamphetamine use among adolescents. |
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| Spoth, R., Neppl, T., Goldberg-Lillehoj, C., Jung, T., & Ramisetty-Mikler, S. (2006). Gender-related quality of parent-child interactions and early adolescent problem behaviors: Exploratory study with midwestern samples. Journal of Family Issues, 27(6), 826-849. (PF 59) | |
| This paper reports two studies testing a model guided by a social interactional perspective, positing an inverse relation between the quality of parent-child interactions and adolescent problem behaviors. It addresses mixed findings in the literature related to gender differences and employs a sample of adolescents residing in the Midwest. Study 1 used cross-sectional survey data from a sample of 712 parents with either a boy (n = 377) or a girl (n = 335) between 11 and 13 years of age. Study 2 data, used to replicate the Study 1 results, were collected from a cross-sectional survey sample of 548 parents with either a boy (n = 279) or a girl (n = 269) in the same age group. Multisample latent variable structural equation modeling confirmed the hypothesized inverse relation between the quality of parent-child interactions and adolescent problem behaviors, in both studies. Also, there was no significant gender difference in the strength of the relationship between parent-child interaction quality and problem behaviors. The consistency of findings from both studies is discussed with respect to results from earlier research with comparable samples and measurement. | |
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| Spoth, R., Shin, C., Guyll, M., Redmond, C., & Azevedo, K. (2006). Universality of effects: An examination of the comparability of long-term family intervention effects on substance use across risk-related subgroups. Prevention Science, 7,(209-224. (PF 96) | |
| This study extends earlier investigation of family risk-related moderation of two brief, family-focused preventive interventions. It examines effects on the trajectories of substance initiation over a period of six years after a pretest assessment, evaluating whether effects were comparable across higher- and lower-risk subgroups. The two interventions, designed for general-population families of adolescents, were the seven-session Iowa Strengthening Families Program (ISFP) and the five-session Preparing for the Drug Free Years program (PDFY). Thirty-three rural public schools were randomly assigned to either the ISFP, the PDFY, or a minimal contact control condition. Curvilinear growth curve analyses were used to evaluate the universality of intervention effectiveness by testing for risk moderation of intervention effects on school-level substance use trajectories of initiation of alcohol and illicit substance use. Results were most consistent with the interpretation that both interventions provided comparable benefits for both outcome measures regardless of family risk status. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for implementing universal preventive interventions in general populations. | |
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| Annenberg Commission on Adolescent Substance Abuse (2005). Prevention of substance abuse disorders.Chapter by prevention workgroup including R Spoth, in Evans et al(Eds) Treating and preventing adolescent mental health disorders: What we know and what we don’t know (pp. 411-426). New York: Oxford University Press, The Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunn (PF 107) | |
| ABSTRACT NOT AVAILABLE | |
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| Lillehoj (Goldberg), C. J., Spoth, R., & Trudeau, L. (2005). Assertiveness among young rural adolescents: Relationship to alcohol use. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 14(3), 39-63. (PF 81) | |
| There is evidence of higher prevalence rates for alcohol use among rural adolescents relative to urban adolescents. Strategies aimed at preventing adolescent alcohol use typically include the development of social skills to resist peer pressure; among the social skills frequently targeted is assertiveness. Self-report data were collected from a sample of rural adolescents (N = 493) participating in a longitudinal preventive intervention study. Five hypothesized dimensions of assertiveness were validated with Confirmatory Factor Analysis: Specific Substance Refusal, Individual Rights, Transaction, Justice, and Social Approach. Using gender as a between-subjects factor, plus time and assertiveness as within-subjects factors to predict an alcohol use composite index, repeated measures analyses revealed a number of significant findings. Significant three-way interaction effects (gender x time x assertiveness dimension) were found for Transaction, Social Approach, and Specific Substance Refusal Assertiveness. In particular, for females, but not for males, there was a significant interaction between time and Transaction Assertiveness; for males, but not for females, there was a significant interaction between time and Social Approach Assertiveness. However, both for males and for females, there was a significant interaction effect between time and Specific Substance Refusal Assertiveness. Findings support the idea of including multidimensional assertiveness skill development as a component of preventive interventions, particularly for rural adolescents. | |
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| Lillehoj, C. J., Trudeau, L., Spoth, R., & Madon, S. (2005). Externalizing behaviors as predictors of substance initiation trajectories among rural adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 37,(493-501. (PF 97) | |
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Purpose The purpose of the current study was to investigate the influence of externalizing behaviors on substance initiation trajectories among rural adolescents across a 42-month time period. Methods Data were obtained from 198 rural adolescents (105 boys and 93 girls) who were participating in a longitudinal study. At the baseline assessment, subjects were an average of 12.3 years of age. Results Controlling for gender, higher baseline levels of externalizing were associated with a greater number of substances initiated across time. The initiation trajectory was curvilinear. Girls, compared with boys, reported a lower number of substances initiated at baseline, a greater linear growth-trajectory, and a deceleration of growth over time. Conclusions The influence of adolescent externalizing behaviors on baseline levels and growth-trajectories of substance initiation and the utility of latent growth curve modeling in the study of longitudinal change are discussed. |
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| Lillehoj, C. J., Trudeau, L., & Spoth, R. (2005). Longitudinal modeling of adolescent normative beliefs and substance initiation. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 49(2), 7-41. (PF 83) | |
| The current study investigated the effects of baseline levels of academic achievement and longitudinal trends in normative beliefs on adolescent substance initiation across a 42-month time period. Participants were 272 rural adolescents who were an average of 12.3 years old at the baseline assessment. Academic achievement positively predicted the intercept and negatively predicted the growth-trajectory of normative beliefs regarding peer substance behavior. Further, baseline academic achievement negatively predicted initial levels, as well as the growth-trajectory, of substance initiation. The discussion addresses the influence of academic achievement and normative beliefs on substance initiation and the utility of latent growth curve modeling in studying longitudinal change. In addition, implications for prevention programming are discussed. | |
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| Spoth, R. L., & Greenberg, M. T. (2005). Toward a comprehensive strategy for effective practitioner-scientist partnerships and larger-scale community benefits. American Journal of Community Psychology, 35(3/4), 107-126. (PF 76) | |
| This article articulates joint priorities for the fields of prevention science and community psychology. These priorities are intended to address issues raised by the frequent observation of natural tensions between community practitioners and scientists. The first priority is to expand the knowledge base on practitioner-scientist partnerships, particularly on factors associated with positive outcomes within communities. To further articulate this priority, the paper first discusses the rapid growth in community-based partnerships and the emergent research on them. Next described is an illustrative research project on a partnership model that links state university extension and public school delivery systems. The article then turns to the second, related priority of future capacity-building for diffusion of effective partnership-based interventions to achieve larger-scale benefits across communities. It outlines two salient tasks: clarification of a conceptual framework and the formulation of a comprehensive capacity-building strategy for diffusion. The comprehensive strategy would require careful attention to the expansion of networks of effective partnerships, partnership-based research agendas, and requisite policy making. | |
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| Spoth, R., Randall, G. K., Shin, C., & Redmond, C. (2005). Randomized study of combined universal family and school preventive interventions: Patterns of long-term effects on initiation, regular use, and weekly drunkenness. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 19(4), 372-381. (PF 106) | |
| This study reports findings on a combined family and school-based competency-training intervention from an in-school assessment 2½ years past baseline, as a follow-up to an earlier study of substance initiation. Increased rates of observed alcohol use and an additional wave of data allowed evaluation of regular alcohol use and weekly drunkenness, with both point-in-time and growth curve analyses. Thirty-six rural schools were randomly assigned to (a) a combined family and school intervention condition, (b) a school-only condition, or (c) a control condition. The earlier significant outcome on a substance initiation index was replicated and positive point-in-time results for weekly drunkenness were observed, but there were no statistically significant outcomes for regular alcohol use. Discussion focuses on factors relevant to the mix of significant longitudinal results within a consistent general pattern of positive intervention-control differences. | |
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| Brody, G. H., Murry, V. M., Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F. X., Molgaard, V., McNair, L., Brown, A. C., Wills, T. A., Spoth, R. L., Luo, Z., Chen, Y., & Neubaum-Carlan, E. (2004). The Strong African American Families Program: Translating research into prevention programming. Child Development, 75(3), 900-917. (PF 102) | |
| A randomized prevention trial contrasted families who took part in the Strong African American Families Program (SAAF), a preventive intervention for rural African American mothers and their 11-year-olds, with control families. SAAF is based on a contextual model positing that regulated, communicative parenting causes changes in factors protecting youths from early alcohol use and sexual activity. Parenting variables included involvement-vigilance, racial socialization, communication about sex, and clear expectations for alcohol use. Youth protective factors included negative attitudes about early alcohol use and sexual activity, negative images of drinking youths, resistance efficacy, a goal-directed future orientation, and acceptance of parental influence. Intervention-induced changes in parenting mediated the effect of intervention group influences on changes in protective factors over a 7-month period. | |
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| Guyll, M., Spoth, R., Chao, W., Wickrama, K., & Russell, D. (2004). Family-focused preventive interventions: Evaluating parental risk moderation of substance use trajectories. Journal of Family Psychology, 18(2), 293-301. (PF 60) | |
| Four-years of longitudinal data from 373 families participating in a randomized intervention-control clinical trial were used to examine whether intervention effects on adolescent alcohol and tobacco use trajectories were moderated by family risk, as defined by parental social-emotional maladjustment. Consistent with earlier outcome evaluations based on analyses of covariance, analyses confirmed that both the Preparing for the Drug-Free Years program and the Iowa Strengthening Families Program favorably influenced alcohol use index trajectories across the time frame of the study; only the later program, however, evidenced positive effects on a tobacco use index. Concerning the primary research question, analyses provided no support for family risk moderation of any intervention effect. Findings indicate the feasibility of developing universal preventive interventions that offer comparable benefits to all families. | |
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| Kosterman, R., Haggerty, K. P., Spoth, R., & Redmond, C. (2004). Unique influence of mothers and fathers on their children's antisocial behavior. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(3), 762-778. (PF 39) | |
| The social development model (Catalano & Hawkins, 1996) was adapted to examine the unique influence of mothers and fathers on their children’s antisocial behavior. Analyses examined 325 families with sixth grade children. Structural equation modeling was used to assess unique influences of constructs specific to mothers or fathers. Multiple-group comparisons were conducted to identify differences in the relationships between constructs for daughters versus sons. Results suggested that, while the relationships were often similar for both parents and for both daughters and sons, mothers and fathers uniquely influenced their child’s antisocial behavior depending on the child’s gender. Overall, cross-gender influence appeared to be particularly important for fathers’ control of their daughters’ antisocial behavior. Implications for the prevention of antisocial behavior are discussed. | |
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| Lillehoj Goldberg), C. J., Griffin, K. W, & Spoth, R. (2004). Program provider and observer ratings of school-based preventive intervention implementation: Agreement and relation to youth outcomes. Health Education and Behavior, 31(2), 242-257. (PF 82) | |
| Few studies have examined the degree to which different measures of implementation adherence predict adolescent outcomes. In the present study, the association between program provider self-reported ratings and trained independent observers ratings of program adherence and outcomes (i.e., substance use knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs concerning normative behavior) are examined among rural Midwestern adolescents participating in a longitudinal preventive intervention study. In addition, the study evaluated the relationship between both of these adherence measures. Results indicated that while classroom teachers tended to report higher implementation adherence scores than independent observers, most scores were significantly correlated across raters. Observer-reported adherence assessments significantly predicted several adolescent outcomes, although implementer-reported assessments did not. In addition, characteristics of the program implementer (i.e., classroom teacher) predicted several adolescent outcomes. Findings suggest that there may be a social desirability bias in implementer-reported assessments of adherence and that caution must be used when interpreting self-reported assessments of implementation adherence. | |
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| Lillehoj, C. J., Trudeau, L., Spoth, R., & Wickrama K. A. S. (2004). Internalizing, social competence, and substance initiation: Influence of gender moderation and a preventive intervention. Substance Use and Misuse, 39(6), 963-991. (PF 95) | |
| Using latent growth curve modeling, the current study investigated gender moderation of the longitudinal pathways from internalizing to both social competency (i.e., social assertiveness) and the initiation of substance use (i.e., tobacco, alcohol, marijuana), as well as the effect of a preventive intervention on that process. Rural Midwestern adolescents who were participating in a school-based preventive intervention study were an average of 12.3 years old at the pretest assessment conducted in 1998. A latent growth curve comparison analysis found that internalizing was related inversely to initial levels of social assertiveness skill among girls; further, internalizing was related positively to substance initiation growth-trajectories among girls. Girls who participated in the preventive intervention demonstrated a slower increase over time in substance initiation. Gender moderation of the impact of internalizing and social assertiveness on substance initiation and response to the intervention, as well as the utility of latent growth curve modeling in the study of longitudinal change, are discussed. | |
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| Madon, S., Guyll, M., & Spoth, R. L. (2004). The self-fulfilling prophecy as an intra-family dynamic. Journal of Family Psychology, 18(3), 459-469. (PF 101) | |
| This research examined whether parents' and children's perceptions of one another have reciprocal self-fulfilling prophecy effects on each others' behavior. Mothers, fathers, and their adolescent children completed self-report surveys and engaged in videotaped dyadic interaction tasks. The surveys assessed parents' and children's perceptions of their own and the other's typical hostility and warmth. Observers coded the videotaped interactions to assess the actual hostility and warmth exhibited by mothers, fathers, and children. Data from 658 mother-child dyads were consistent with the conclusion that children had a self-fulfilling effect on their mothers' hostile behavior, but that mothers did not have a reciprocal self-fulfilling effect on their children's hostility. The data did not support the existence of self-fulfilling prophecies among the mother-child dyads with respect to warmth-relevant data, nor among the 576 father-child dyads for either the hostility- or warmth-relevant data. These findings are discussed in terms of family relations and the differential power of negative vs. positive self-fulfilling prophecies. | |
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| Madon, S., Guyll, M., Spoth, R., & Willard, J. (2004). Self-fulfilling prophecies: The synergistic accumulation of parents' beliefs on children's drinking behavior. Psychological Science, 15,(837-845. (PF 105) | |
| This research examined whether mothers' and fathers' beliefs about their children's alcohol use had cumulative self-fulfilling effects on their children's future drinking behavior. Analyses of longitudinal data acquired from 115 mothers, fathers, and their seventh-grade children were consistent with synergistic accumulation effects for negative beliefs. Parents' beliefs predicted the greatest degree of confirmatory behavior from children when both mothers and fathers overestimated their children's alcohol use. Results did not support synergistic accumulation effects for positive beliefs. Predicted increases in children's future alcohol use were similar regardless of whether one parent or both underestimated their children's alcohol use. These findings suggest that the generally small self-fulfilling effects reported in the literature may underestimate the power of negative self-fulfilling prophecies to harm targets because they do not take into consideration the possibility that negative self-fulfilling prophecies may be more likely than positive ones to accumulate across multiple perceivers. | |
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| Meek, J., Lillehoj, C. J., Welsh, J., & Spoth, R. (2004). Rural community partnership recruitment for an evidence-based family-focused prevention program: The PROSPER project. Rural Mental Health, 29(2), 23-28. (PF 111) | |
| There are several reasons to promote the implementation of evidence-based family-focused interventions in rural, small town or micropolitan communities. One key reason is research demonstrating that youth problem behaviors are especially prevalent in rural areas and that these problems can be effectively reduced though family-focused programs. For example, studies have found that rural youth are involved in tobacco, alcohol, and illegal substance use at rates that often exceed those of youth living in urban and suburban communities (America’s Children, 2000—Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2000; National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1997; Johnston, O’Malley, & Bachman, 2000, 2002). Further, earlier program evaluation research has demonstrated the effectiveness of several evidence-based family-focused programs among rural youth, including the reduction of substance use (e.g., Spoth & Redmond, 2000, 2002; Spoth, Redmond, & Shin, 1998, 2000, 2001); related economic analyses also have shown that these programs are cost-beneficial (Spoth, Guyll, & Day, 2002). These programs focus on the enhancement of competencies related to reducing risk and increasing protective factors among families and youth. | |
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| Mincemoyer, C. C., Perkins, D. F., & Lillehoj, C. (2004). Perceptions of the Cooperative Extension Service: A community resource for youth and family programs. Journal of Extension, 42,(1-11. Available online at: http://www.joe.org/joe/2004october/a5.shtml (PF 109) | |
| PROSPER; (PROmotingSchool-community-university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience) is a prevention partnership involving the Cooperative Extension Service (CES), local schools, and community agencies. PROSPER collaborative teams were formed in 14 communities in Iowa and 14 in Pennsylvania to address risk reduction, competence-building, and positive youth development. This study examined perceptions of CES personnel compared to other PROSPER team members regarding the CES: as a source of youth and family programming; commitment to fostering school and community-based prevention programs; and as a leading force in improving the lives of youth and families. | |
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| Muñoz, E. A., Lillehoj Goldberg, C., & Dettman, M. A. (2004). Substance use prevention: An Iowa Mexican im/migrant family perspective.In W R Palacios & P F Comwell (Eds), Cocktails and dreams: An interpretive perspective on drug abuse. (pp. 341-355). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. (PF 85) | |
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The present study addresses the need for more culturally-relative research as well as prevention programs to meet the needs of a growing Latino population in the U.S. Since broad cultural generalizations may overlook variances within the Latino culture, the authors suggest that selective and/or indicated substance use prevention programs may be more suitable than universal substance use prevention programs for this population. Investigators specializing in the delivery of substance use prevention programs recruited parents and children from the community to help determine if substance use prevention programs were needed among this underserved population, and if so, what would be the best method of delivery. The researchers employed youth and adult focus groups, consisting of tape-recorded group interviews of 6-12 participants engaged in discussions on a particular topic. Results showed that both parents and youth indicated their awareness of the deleterious effects of substance abuse and showed perceived need and favorable attitude towards substance use prevention programs. While universal school-based programs were considered to be helpful, the data pointed to the added benefits of a supplementary culturally-specific family-based program to Mexican im/migrant families struggling with dissonant acculturation. |
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| Redmond, C., Spoth, R., Shin, C., & Hill, G. (2004). Engaging rural parents in family-focused programs to prevent youth substance abuse. Journal of Primary Prevention, 24(3), 223-242. (PF 46) | |
| Using data collected during telephone interviews with 1,156 parents of sixth graders from 36 rural schools, multilevel structural equation modeling was employed to examine the relationships of family sociodemographic factors, parental health beliefs' perceptions of their child's susceptibility to future substance use involvement, parents' perceptions of their ability to prevent such problems, and the perceived benefits of family-skills programs designed to prevent adolescent problems. Family-level findings showed parent gender and marital status to be particularly important; each exhibited direct effects on each of the three parent perceptions examined. Findings also supported the hypotheses that efficacy perceptions inversely affect perceptions of child susceptibility and that perceptions of child susceptibility positively affect perceived program benefits. At the community level, lower household incomes were associated with higher levels of perceived child susceptibility to substance use. | |
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| Spoth, R., Greenberg, M., Bierman, K., & Redmond, C. (2004). PROSPER Community-university partnership model for public education systems: Capacity-building for evidence-based, competence-building prevention. Prevention Science (Invited article for Special issue), 5(1), 31-39. (PF 103) | |
| This paper presents a model to guide capacity building in state public education systems for delivery of evidence-based family and youth interventions— interventions that are designed to bolster youth competencies, learning, and positive development overall. Central to this effort is a linking capacity agents framework that builds upon longstanding state public education infrastructures, and a partnership model called PROSPER or PROmoting School-community-university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience. The paper presents an overview of the evolving partnership model and summarizes positive results of its implementation over a 12-year period in an ongoing project. | |
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| Spoth, R., Redmond, C., Shin, C., & Azevedo, K. (2004). Brief family intervention effects on adolescent substance initiation: School-level curvilinear growth curve analyses six years following baseline. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(3), 535-542. (PF 86) | |
| This study examines the effects of two brief family-focused interventions on the trajectories of substance initiation over a period of six years following a baseline assessment. The two interventions, designed for general-population families of adolescents, were the seven-session Iowa Strengthening Families Program (ISFP) and the five-session Preparing for the Drug Free Years Program (PDFY). Thirty-three rural public schools were randomly assigned to the ISFP, the PDFY, or to a minimal contact control condition. Curvilinear growth observed in school-level measures of initiation was evaluated using a logistic growth curve analysis. Alcohol and tobacco composite use indices, as well as lifetime use of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana, and lifetime drunkenness were examined. Significant intervention-control differences were observed, indicating favorable delays in initiation in the intervention groups. | |
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| Epstein, J. A., Botvin, G. J., & Spoth, R. (2003). Predicting smoking among rural adolescents: Social and cognitive processes. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 5(4), 485-491. (PF 71) | |
| Although there is considerable literature concerning the etiology of cigarette smoking, a major gap exists pertaining to predictors of adolescent smoking for rural populations in the United States. To address this gap in the literature, this study focused on rural adolescents and investigated a model of social and cognitive cross-sectional predictors of smoking. Gender-specific differences in etiology were examined by testing the same model separately for boys and girls. Seventh graders (N=1673) residing in northern and eastern Iowa self-reported smoking, peer smoking norms, adult smoking norms, drug refusal assertiveness, drug refusal techniques, life skills, pro-smoking attitudes, risk-taking tendency, and family management practices. Data were collected during a class period in 36 junior high schools. Peer smoking norms, adult smoking norms, drug refusal assertiveness,drug refusal techniques, pro-smoking attitudes and risk-taking tendency all were associated cross-sectionally with smoking. As for gender-specific effects, family management skills, life skills, and risk-taking tendency were concurrently related to smoking for girls only. Based on the results and prevention research, it would appear that smoking prevention programs for rural adolescents would benefit from incorporating normative education, drug refusal training, parent skills, training, and competence enhancement skills training. | |
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| Epstein, J. A., Botvin, G. J., & Spoth, R. (2003). Which psychosocial factors are related to drinking among rural adolescents? . Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 13(1), 19-35. (PF 70) | |
| This study examined the relationship of psychosocial factors with alcohol use for adolescents residing in rural Iowa. This association was also tested separately for boys and girls. Seventh grades (N=1673) self-reported alcohol use, peer drinking norms, adult drinking norms, drug refusal assertiveness, drug refusal techniques, life skills, pro-drinking attitudes, risk-taking tendency, and perceived family management practices. Data were collected during a 45-minute class period. Multiple regressions indicated that: peer drinking norms, drug refusal assertiveness, drug refusal techniques, life skills, pro-drinking attitudes and risk-taking tendency were related to drinking measures. Perceived family management skills and drug refusal techniques were associated with drinking for girls, but not boys. Risk-taking tendency was related to drinking for boys, but not girls. | |
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| Guyll, M., Spoth, R., & Redmond, C. (2003). The effects of incentives and research requirements on participation rates for a community-based preventive intervention research study. Journal of Primary Prevention, 24(1), 25-41. (PF 73) | |
| This investigation utilized prospective survey data to examine the influence of a research incentive ($100) and requirement (videotaping) on decisions to participate in prevention research. Individuals were significantly attracted by the incentive, and marginally deterred by the requirement. Interaction analyses revealed that the positive incentive effect was stronger among prospective participants with less education and who were otherwise less likely to participate. These findings indicate that monetary incentives can be useful for increasing participation rates, and may help reduce sampling bias by increasing rates most strongly among individuals who are typically less likely to take part in research projects. | |
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| Madon, S., Guyll, M., Spoth R., Cross, S., & Hilbert, S. (2003). The self-fulfilling influence of mother expectations on children's underage drinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(6), 1188-1205. (PF 80) | |
| This research examined whether mothers’ expectations about their children’s drinking behavior influenced their children’s future alcohol use through self-fulfilling prophecies. This research also investigated whether children’s self-esteem, family social class, or the valence of mother expectations moderated this process. Analyses of longitudinal data from 505 mothers and their adolescent children yielded results that were consistent with a self-fulfilling prophecy. The inaccurate portion of mother expectations predicted children’s future alcohol use after accounting for a broad range of relevant control variables. Although the magnitude of the self-fulfilling prophecy effect was small, it was nearly equal in size the accuracy-based portion of the relationship between mother expectations and children’s future alcohol use, which is proportionately larger than is typically found in the literature. Moderation analyses indicated that self-fulfilling prophecy effects were stronger among higher self-esteem children and when mother expectations were positively valenced (i.e., when mothers underestimated their children’s future alcohol use). The ability of mother expectations to predict children’s future alcohol use did not vary as a function of family social class. These findings are discussed in terms of parent-child relationship quality, peer influences, self theories, and out group stereotypes. | |
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| Mason, W. A, Kosterman, R., Hawkins, J. D., Haggerty, K. P., & Spoth, R. L. (2003). Reducing adolescents' growth in substance use and delinquency: Randomized trial effects of a parent-training prevention intervention. Prevention Science, 4(3), 203-212. (PF 88) | |
| The relationship between growth in adolescent substance use and delinquency was examined in a longitudinal, randomized controlled study of the Preparing for the Drug Free Years Program (PDFY), a universal family-focused prevention intervention. Latent growth curve modeling was used to analyze 5 waves of data collected from 429 rural adolescents. Results showed that adolescents assigned to the PDFY intervention condition had a slower rate of linear increase over time in both substance use and delinquency compared with adolescents assigned to the control condition. Moreover, pretest level of delinquency was a reliable, positive predictor of growth in substance use, whereas pretest level of substance use did not predict growth in delinquency. | |
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| Melby, J. N., Hoyt, W. T., & Bryant, C. M. (2003). A generalizability approach to assessing the effects of ethnicity and training on observer ratings of family interactions. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20(2), 171-191. (PF 68) | |
| This exploratory investigation illustrates the utility of generalizability analyses for investigating race of coder and race of family member (“target”) as moderators of bias in observer ratings of family interaction processes. Thirty behavioral scales were rated on 3 occasions during an initial 5-week (100 hour) training period. African American and European American coders observed videotaped interactions occurring in one African American and one European American parent-child dyad. For each scale, levels of rater bias and rater agreement were examined over time. Although most scales showed decreasing levels of bias with training (as expected), some did not. For scales showing a main effect for coder race, European American coders rated targets more favorably than did African American coders. For scales susceptible to coder race by target race interactions, coders tended to favor other-race rather than same-race targets. Suggestions for applying the generalizability approach in future family interaction research are presented. | |
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| Spoth, R. (2003). A framework for building community-partnership capacity to promote youth development and prevent substance-related problems: Practitioner and scientist tasks, resources and issues.Unpublished chapter draft for Annenberg Adolescent Mental Health Commission (PF 104) | |
| ABSTRACT NOT AVAILABLE | |
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| Spoth, R., Guyll, M., Chao, W., & Molgaard, V. (2003). Exploratory study of a preventive intervention with general population African American families. Journal of Early Adolescence, 23(4), 435-468. (PF 61) | |
| We report the intervention implementation and outcome evaluation of the Strengthening Families Program: For Parents and Youth 10-14 (SFP 10-14), involving a sample of African American families with young adolescents. Implementation feasibility clearly was demonstrated. A sufficient number of families was recruited successfully, retention rates were strong, and observer ratings showed high adherence to the intervention protocol. Control group comparisons at posttest showed positive results for intervention-targeted child behaviors and for child participation in family meetings but not for other outcome measures. Findings of the investigation are discussed in terms of their relevance to ongoing intervention research with minority populations and considered in light of study limitations. | |
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| Trudeau, L., Lillehoj, C. J., Spoth, R., & Redmond, C. (2003). The role of assertiveness and decision making in early adolescent substance initiation: Mediating processes. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13(3), 301-328. (PF 74) | |
| This study examined the mediating processes linking assertiveness and decision-making to early adolescent substance initiation and the moderating effect of gender on those processes. Models specifying negative expectancies and refusal intentions as mediators of individual rights assertiveness and decision-making effects on substance initiation were evaluated across an eighteen month time period on a non-treatment cohort of young adolescents participating in a prevention trial (average age 12.3 years at baseline; N=357). Results indicated that individual rights assertiveness and decision-making had indirect effects on substance initiation through effects on negative outcome expectancies and refusal intentions. Gender differences were found in both the average level and the pattern of relationships among the variables. For girls, refusal intentions were negatively associated with later substance initiation. For boys, early levels of substance initiation were negatively associated with later levels of negative expectancies and refusal intentions. Implications for prevention programming are discussed. | |
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| Trudeau, L., Spoth, R., Lillehoj, C., Redmond, C., & Wickrama, K. A. S. (2003). Effects of a preventive intervention on adolescent substance use initiation, expectancies, and refusal intentions. Prevention Science, 4(2), 109-122. (PF 84) | |
| This study evaluated the effects of a school-based preventive intervention (Botvin, G. J. (1996). Life Skills Training: Promoting health and personal development. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Health Press; Botvin, G. J. (2002). Life skills training. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Health Press) on growth trajectories of substance initiation (alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana), expectancies, and refusal intentions. A rural Midwestern sample (N = 847) provided three waves of data from middle school students. Growth curve analyses demonstrated that the intervention significantly slowed the rate of increase in substance initiation and significantly slowed the rate of decrease in refusal intentions. The intervention also slowed the rate of decrease in negative outcome expectancies, although the significance level was only marginal. A multiple group comparison showed that the impact of initial levels of substance initiation on growth trajectories of refusal intentions differed between conditions, suggesting that the intervention decreased the effect of early substance initiation on the rate of change over time for refusal intentions. Gender differences also were found, although the intervention was effective in slowing the rate of increase in initiation for both genders. | |
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| Lillehoj, C. J., Spoth, R., & Trudeau, L. (2002). Rural teacher training. The Rural Educator, 24(1), 3-12. (PF 66) | |
| Rural, middle school teachers implemented an empirically-supported, school-based preventive intervention designed to reduce student substance use and other problem behaviors. Prior to implementation, teachers were trained in program content and delivery, including interactive teaching methods. The teacher training model, as well as classroom implementation, focused on a teacher-student interactive process, in an attempt to engage students in the intervention. This paper describes the application of the training model in rural schools, along with the teacher evaluation of the model and the implementation process. Results showed that teachers were confident about their ability to deliver the program both following training and following implementation. Teachers reported they made some program modifications and expressed some concerns about time management and student indifference to program activities. Implications for quality implementation of preventive interventions in rural schools are discussed. | |
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| Muñoz, E. A., Lillehoj Goldberg, C., & Vargas-Chanes, D. (2002). Iowa Mexican immigrant families: Negotiating an optimal level of cultural assimilation.In G García & J García (Eds), The Illusions of borders: The national presence of Mexicanos in the United States. (pp. 59-79). Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt. (PF 79) | |
| The growing body of research on developing Latino im/migrant communities in the Midwestern United States has yet to adequately address how assimilation processes affect Latino family interaction and subsequent family outcomes. Separate focus group interviews with im/migrant Latino/a parents and second-generation middle school Latino/a students residing in a non-metropolitan area in Iowa were conducted in order to assess the rate and level of cultural assimilation, and to determine if generational differences existed in attitudes towards acculturation. Although a strong retention of traditional Mexican cultural values and practices existed among both parents and children, linguistic assimilation is highly evident among children of immigrant parents. There was little generational conflict in attitudes towards acculturation, but parents’ voiced concern about the undermining influence that American cultural assimilation has on their parental authority. Finally, parents and youth viewed biculturalism most favorably with comments suggesting its preventative capacity against negative mental health and family outcomes. Potential research questions and appropriate research designs are elaborated on from the data. | |
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| Redmond, C., Spoth, R., & Trudeau, L. (2002). Family- and community-level predictors of parent support seeking. Journal of Community Psychology, 30(2), 153-171. (PF 38) | |
| Although there is a substantial body of literature that indicates parenting practices can play a significant role in the prevention of adolescent problem behaviors, there has been limited research concerning the effects of sociodemographic factors on parents' efforts to seek help in improving parenting or addressing parenting concerns. Regression models incorporating two socioeconomic variables and four family structure or composition variables were tested, employing data from 1,192 parents who resided in rural communities. Results showed that educational attainment and parent gender were significant predictors of both formal and informal types of help seeking; also, marital status and number of children were predictors of informal help seeking. | |
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| Scaramella, L. V., Conger, R. D., Spoth, R., & Simons, R. L. (2002). Evaluation of a social contextual model of delinquency: A cross-study replication. Child Development, 73(1), 175-195. (PF 40) | |
| The present study empirically examined three theoretical approaches designed to predict risk for delinquency during adolescence: an individual difference perspective, a social interactional model, and a social contextual approach. Hypotheses derived from each perspective were tested using two independent samples of early adolescents followed over a four-year period. 667 children, in sixth grade at time 1, and their parents comprised the first sample (Project Family, PF) and 451 children, in seventh grade at time 1, their parents and a close-aged sibling made up the second sample (Iowa Youth and families Project, IYFP). Results from a series of structural equation models suggested that a social contextual approach provided the best fit with the data across both samples and genders. Consistent with the social contextual approach, results indicated that a lack of nurturant and involved parenting indirectly predicted delinquency by increasing children's earlier antisocial behavior and deviant peer relationships; child antisocial behavior also predicted similar decreases in nurturant parenting over time. Both child antisocial behavior and deviant peer affiliations at time 2 predicted delinquency one year later. Implications for theoretical development and future research priorities are discussed. | |
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| Spoth, R., Guyll, M., & Day, S. X. (2002). Universal family-focused interventions in alcohol-use disorder prevention: Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses of two interventions. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63(2), 219-228. (PF 58) | |
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Objective. Epidemiologic research suggests that significant public health benefits could accrue from preventive interventions that delay the initiation of youth alcohol use. This analysis compares the cost-effectiveness of two interventions designed for general population families of adolescents; it also conservatively estimates their benefit-cost ratios and net benefits. Method. Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses were performed on data from a longitudinal, prevention trial with families of sixth graders from 33 rural schools in a Midwestern state. Schools were blocked on size and proportion of lower income families and then randomly assigned either to one of two interventions or to a control condition. Interventions included the Iowa Strengthening Families Program (ISFP), a seven-session intervention with parents and students together, and Preparing for the Drug Free Years (PDFY), a five-session intervention focusing primarily on parents. Results. Conservative estimates for the ISFP intervention were a cost-effectiveness figure of $12,459 per case prevented, a benefit-cost ratio of $9.60 per $1 invested, and a net benefit of $5923 per family. For PDFY, estimates were a cost-effectiveness of $20,439 per case prevented, a benefit-cost ratio of $5.85 per $1 invested, and a net benefit of $2697 per family. Conclusions. Family skills-training interventions designed for general populations have the potential to delay the onset of alcohol use, and thereby may avoid substantial costs to society at a proportionally small intervention cost. Economic analysis of such interventions is a largely unexplored area which could provide valuable guidance in forming public policy.Supplemental detail on benefit-cost calculations (PDF 166Kb) |
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| Spoth, R., Guyll, M., Trudeau, L., & Goldberg-Lillehoj, C. (2002). Two studies of proximal outcomes and implementation quality of universal preventive interventions in a community-university collaboration context. Journal of Community Psychology, 30(5), 499-518. (PF 64) | |
| This article presents results from two longitudinal studies of competency-training interventions that entailed community-university collaboration intended to enhance implementation quality. In Study 1, 22 rural schools were randomly assigned to a family-focused intervention or a minimal contact control group. In Study 2, 36 rural schools were randomly assigned to a family-focused preventive intervention combined with a school-based intervention, the school-based intervention alone, or a minimal contact control group. In both studies, observers rated adherence to intervention protocols. Results showed that, on average, high levels of observer-rated adherence were attained in both studies. Analyses of the relationship between observer-rated adherence scores and proximal outcomes showed limited evidence of poorer outcomes associated with lower-adherence groups. Overall, findings highlight the benefits of community-university collaboration intended to facilitate high levels of intervention adherence. The need for a framework guiding a collaborative implementation research agenda is discussed. | |
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| Spoth, R. L., Kavanagh, K., & Dishion, T. (2002). Family-centered preventive intervention science: Toward benefits to larger populations of children, youth, and families. Prevention Science, 3(3), 145-152. (PF 87) | |
| The field of family-centered preventive intervention science is well poised to seize an opportunity for larger-scale intervention implementation and greater public health impact. This opportunity has been created by earlier research in the areas of epidemiology, developmental etiology, and intervention outcome research. Both earlier and current research define a number of key tasks required to meet the many challenges involved in scaling-up for greater impact. Illustrations of how these tasks can be addressed are provided in articles on programs of family-centered research with infants, children, and adolescents. Each article in this special issue treats one or more tasks that concern (a) expansion of the set of rigorously evaluated, theory-driven interventions that have potential to reach large numbers of children, youth, and families; (b) effective strategies for family recruitment and retention; (c) the cultural sensitivity of interventions; (d) application of a developmental life course perspective; (e) strategies for linking higher-risk population subgroups with potentially beneficial services; (f) improved diffusion mechanisms for sustained, quality delivery; and (g) research-informed policy making. A summary of how articles address these tasks concludes with a discussion of the importance of a stronger public service orientation in prevention science. | |
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| Spoth, R., & Redmond, C. (2002). Project Family prevention trials based in community-university partnerships: Toward scaled-up preventive interventions. Prevention Science, 3(3), 203-221. (PF 67) | |
| Findings from Project Family are presented to illustrate how a partnership-based program of research on universal family- and youth-focused interventions can address a public health challenge. One aspect of this public health challenge is the high prevalence of youth problem behaviors and a second aspect concerns barriers to scaling-up empirically-supported preventive interventions designed to ameliorate those problem behaviors. Illustrative findings are presented within a conceptual framework for scaling-up preventive interventions to achieve greater public health impact. Three interrelated sets of research requirements and findings are addressed within this framework: (a) rigorously demonstrating intervention effectiveness; (b) attaining sufficient levels of intervention utilization in diverse general populations, requiring study of recruitment/retention strategies, cultural competence, and economic viability; and (c) achieving implementation quality, involving investigation of adherence and dosage effects, along with theory-driven, intervention quality improvement. The paper concludes with discussion of the need for careful investigation of community-university partnership models as a key mechanism for large-scale implementation. | |
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| Spoth, R. L., Redmond, C., Trudeau, L., & Shin, C. (2002). Longitudinal substance initiation outcomes for a universal preventive intervention combining family and school programs. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 16(2), 129-134. (PF 65) | |
| This study evaluated the effects of an intervention that combined a family competency-training intervention with a school-based intervention on substance initiation. Thirty-six rural schools were matched and then randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) the classroom-based Life Skills Training and the Strengthening Families Program: For Parents and Children 10-14; (2) Life Skills Training only; (3) or a control condition. Outcomes were examined one year following the intervention posttest, using a Substance Initiation Index (SII) measuring lifetime use of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana, and by rates of each individual substance. Planned intervention-control contrasts showed significant effects for both the combined and the Life Skills-only interventions on the SII and on marijuana initiation. Relative reduction rates for alcohol initiation were 30.0% for the combined intervention and 4.1% for Life Skills only. | |
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| Goldberg, C. J., Spoth, R., Meek, J., & Molgaard, V. (2001). The Capable Families and Youth Project: Extension-university-community partnerships. Journal of Extension [On-line serial], 39(3). Available: http://www.joe.org/joe/2001june/a6.html (PF 62) | |
| ABSTRACT NOT AVAILABLE | |
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| Griffin, K. W., Epstein, J. A., Botvin, G. J., & Spoth, R. L. (2001). Social competence and substance use among rural youth: Mediating role of social benefit expectancies of use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30(4), 485-498. (PF 69) | |
| The present study examined the mechanisms by which social competence may be associated with substance use during early adolescence. The sample consisted of rural youth (N=1,568) attending 36 junior high schools in a Midwestern state. Structural equation modeling indicated that social competence had a direct protective association with substance use in that those you who were more socially confident, assertive, and had better communication skills reported less smoking and drinking. Further analyses revealed that the relationship between social competence and substance use was fully mediated by social benefits expectancies of use. These findings suggest that poorly competent youth turn to smoking and alcohol use because they perceive that there are important social benefits to doing so, such as having more friends, looking grown up and "cool," and having more fun. Prevention programs that teach youth interpersonal skills may reduce the initiation of substance use by improving social competence and providing youth with more adaptive means of gaining social benefits, such as approval from peers. | |
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| Kosterman, R., Hawkins, J. D., Haggerty, K. P., Spoth, R., & Redmond, C. (2001). Preparing for the Drug Free Years: Session-specific effects of a universal parent-training intervention with rural families. Journal of Drug Education, 31(1), 47-68. (PF 31) | |
| Like their urban counterparts, adolescents from rural areas are at risk for health and behavior problems, including alcohol and other drug use. This study tested the effects on parenting practices of specific sessions of a parent-training intervention, Preparing for the Drug Free Years, designed to prevent adolescent substance abuse and other problem behaviors. Two hundred and nine rural families were randomly assigned to an intervention or a wait-list control condition. Analyses of covariance comparing adjusted posttest scores revealed that parents in the intervention condition reported significant improvements in parenting behaviors targeted by specific intervention sessions when compared with controls. Effects were most pronounced among mothers. No significant effects were found for nontargeted parenting behaviors, and targeted behaviors were most improved among parents attending relevant program sessions. These results strengthen the internal validity of the study and increase the plausibility that reported improvements were due to the intervention. | |
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| Kosterman, R., Park, J., Hawkins, J. D., Haggerty, K. P., & Spoth, R. (2001). Modeling the effects of a preventive parent training intervention: An experimental test of "Preparing for the Drug Free Years.Unpublished manuscript (PF 51) | |
| ABSTRACT NOT AVAILABLE | |
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